The mean orbital radius of the earth around the sun is 1.5 108 km. During this time, these worlds could support a water-based hydrologic cycle, but as they are too small to hold a dense atmosphere like Earth, they would experience extreme daynight temperature differences. Orbital radius of the Earth around the Sun, r=1.510 11 m Time taken by the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun, T=1 year=365.25 days =365.25246060s Universal gravitational constant, G=6.6710 11 Nm 2kg 2 Thus, mass of the Sun : M= GT 24 2r 3 = 6.6710 11(365.25246060) 243.14 2(1.510 11) 3 210 30 kg Pre-solar nebula forms and begins to collapse. [124], This is a relatively peaceful event, nothing akin to a supernova, which the Sun is too small to undergo as part of its evolution. CLUE. After 500600million years (about 4billion years ago) Jupiter and Saturn fell into a 2:1 resonance: Saturn orbited the Sun once for every two Jupiter orbits. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Privacy Policy [80], The evolution of the asteroid belt after Late Heavy Bombardment was mainly governed by collisions. [109], There is no consensus on the mechanism of the formation of the rings of Saturn. These compounds are quite rare in the Universe, comprising only 0.6% of the mass of the nebula, so the terrestrial planets could not grow very large. The radius of the earth's very nearly circular orbit around the sun. Note: All dates and times in this chronology are approximate and should be taken as an order of magnitude indicator only. [89][90] The resulting drag and, more importantly, gravitational interactions with the surrounding material caused a transfer of angular momentum, and as a result the planets gradually migrated to new orbits. The average angular momentum is mvr, treating the Earth as if it were a point mass. "[5], Because of Earth's axial tilt (often known as the obliquity of the ecliptic), the inclination of the Sun's trajectory in the sky (as seen by an observer on Earth's surface) varies over the course of the year. Stars between one and three million years old have discs rich in gas, whereas discs around stars more than 10million years old have little to no gas, suggesting that giant planets within them have ceased forming.[34]. This site uses cookies to assist with navigation, analyse your use of our services, collect data for ads personalisation and provide content from third parties. These rocky bodies would become the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars). [2][74] This period of heavy bombardment lasted several hundred million years and is evident in the cratering still visible on geologically dead bodies of the inner Solar System such as the Moon and Mercury. With global reach of over 5 million monthly readers and featuring dedicated websites for hard sciences, technology, smedical research and health news, [13] The composition of this region with a mass just over that of the Sun (M) was about the same as that of the Sun today, with hydrogen, along with helium and trace amounts of lithium produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis, forming about 98% of its mass. The most significant criticism of the hypothesis was its apparent inability to explain the Sun's relative lack of angular momentum when compared to the planets. As a result, those planets accumulated little hydrogen and heliumnot more than 1MEarth each. The mean orbital radius of the earth around the sun is 1.5 10^8 km. [8] Since the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that the Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. Students (upto class 10+2) preparing for All Government Exams, CBSE Board Exam, ICSE Board Exam, State Board Exam, JEE (Mains+Advance) and NEET can ask questions from any subject and get quick answers by subject teachers/ experts/mentors/students. Note: Central body Mass - (Measured in Kilogram) - Central body Mass is the mass of the body being orbited (e.g. In short, when the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, it experiences winter while the southern hemisphere experiences summer. In that case, the tidal bulge stays directly under the moon, there is no angular momentum transfer, and the orbital period will not change. The Earth's kinetic energy is (mv^2)/2 in its orbit about the sun. Calculate the ratio of the angular momentum of the earth about its axis due to its spinning motion to that about the sun due to its orbital motion. Aristarchus of Samos already proposed a heliocentric model in the third century BC. The inner Solar System's period of giant impacts probably played a role in the Earth acquiring its current water content (~61021kg) from the early asteroid belt. Calculate mass of the sun if G = 6.67 10^11 N m^2/kg^2 ? L1, L2, and L3 sit along a straight line that goes through the Earth and Sun. Radius of the earth = 6400 km and radius of the orbit of the earth about the sun = 1.5 108 km. At this point, the density and temperature will become so high that the fusion of helium into carbon will begin, leading to a helium flash; the Sun will shrink from around 250 to 11times its present (main-sequence) radius. [52][55] Some of those massive embryos too were ejected by Jupiter, while others may have migrated to the inner Solar System and played a role in the final accretion of the terrestrial planets. In the sixteenth century, Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus presented a full discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe [4] in much the same way as Ptolemy had presented his geocentric model in the second century. The Sun remains a main-sequence star today. At the same time, the Earth is constantly spinning around on its axis, an imaginary line running through the center of the Earth from the North Pole to the South . sun. Identify the news topics you want to see and prioritize an order. These planetesimals then scattered off the next planet they encountered in a similar manner, moving the planets' orbits outwards while they moved inwards. The radius of the earth's orbit around the sun (assumed to be circular) is 1.50 * 108 km, and the earth travels around this orbit in 365 days. The impacting object probably had a mass comparable to that of Mars, and the impact probably occurred near the end of the period of giant impacts. This indicates that one or more supernovae occurred nearby. For several centuries, astronomers have applied the scientific method to answer this question, and have determined that the Earth's orbit around the Sun has many fascinating characteristics. [42][43] Motion in the planetesimal era was not all inward toward the Sun; the Stardust sample return from Comet Wild 2 has suggested that materials from the early formation of the Solar System migrated from the warmer inner Solar System to the region of the Kuiper belt. Jupiter's gravity increased the velocity of objects within these resonances, causing them to shatter upon collision with other bodies, rather than accrete.[53]. Thus, the white dwarf Sun will gradually cool, growing dimmer and dimmer. We know the Earth goes round the Sun, all the way around is 2 radians (360 degrees). Thus the seasonal effects in the south are reversed. We can solve the problem by using Kepler's third law, which states that the ratio between square of the orbital period and the cube of the orbital radius of any object revolving around the Sun is constant: where: is the orbital period of Earth. [nb 1] Earth's orbital speed averages 29.78km/s (107,208km/h; 66,616mph), which is fast enough to cover the planet's diameter in 7 minutes and the distance to the Moon in 4 hours.[3]. The currently accepted method by which the planets formed is accretion, in which the planets began as dust grains in orbit around the central protostar.Through direct contact and self-organization, these grains formed into clumps up to 200 m (660 ft . Connect with 50,000+ expert tutors in 60 seconds, 24X7, Physics for JEE Main and Advanced Mechanics 1, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, Physics for JEE Main and Advanced Mechanics 2. The mean orbital radius of the earth around the sun is 1. Its speed is about 220km/s. ____ yr Kepler's law says: P^2 = a^3 Plug in A = 2: P^2 = 2^3 P^2 = 8 P = sqrt(8) P = about 2.828427 years 2. by Matt Williams Orbital radius of the Earth around the Sun, r = 1.5 10 11 m Time taken by the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun, T = 1 year = 365.25 days = 365.25 24 60 60 s Universal gravitational constant, G = 6.67 10 -11 Nm 2 kg -2 Thus, mass of the Sun can be calculated using the relation, Hence, the mass of the Sun is 2 10 30 kg. The changing Earth-Sun distance results in an increase of about 7% in total solar energy reaching the Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. This is what is known as an "elliptical" orbit. Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 3 : nearly 1/4 year If a moon is revolving in the same direction as the planet's rotation and the planet is rotating faster than the orbital period of the moon, the bulge will constantly be pulled ahead of the moon. Water delivered to Earth. The average distance of the Earth from the aun is about 149.6 million km, which is also referred to as one astronomical unit (AU). [23], Because of the conservation of angular momentum, the nebula spun faster as it collapsed. [2] This planetary migration is now thought to have been responsible for much of the Solar System's early evolution. This orbital pattern was first described by Johannes Kepler, a German mathematician and astronomer, in his seminal work Astronomia nova (New Astronomy). The radius of the earth's orbit around the sun (assumed to be circular) is 1.50 108 km, and the earth travels around this orbit in 365 days. Explainer: What makes the spring equinox? A moon will raise a tidal bulge in the object it orbits (the primary) due to the differential gravitational force across diameter of the primary. In these cases, the tidal bulge lags behind the moon in its orbit. mayo 31, 2022 . Rather than being a perfect circle, the Earth moves around the Sun in an extended circular or oval pattern. Sun begins to ascend the. [50], One unresolved issue with this model is that it cannot explain how the initial orbits of the proto-terrestrial planets, which would have needed to be highly eccentric to collide, produced the remarkably stable and nearly circular orbits they have today. The positions of the planets might have shifted due to gravitational interactions. Co-formation from a circumplanetary disc (only in the cases of the giant planets); Formation from impact debris (given a large enough impact at a shallow angle); and, This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 07:37. [86][87] Most such moons orbit in the direction opposite the rotation of their primary. . The figure appears in multiple references, and is derived from the VSOP87 elements from section 5.8.3, p.675 of the following: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "Solar Energy Reaching The Earth's Surface", "The Earth as an Object of Astrophysical Interest in the Search for Extrasolar Planets", Earth Speed through space about 1 million miles an hour, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_orbit&oldid=1129399934, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 25 December 2022, at 04:17. The Earth and its Moon are one example of this configuration. 25 results for "orbital radius of earth around sun", One revolution of the Earth around the sun, One complete revolution of the Earth around the Sun, Orbital period of the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun. [63] The Kuiper belt lies between 30 and 55AU from the Sun, while the farther scattered disc extends to over 100AU,[43] and the distant Oort cloud begins at about 50,000AU. The formula is given by, = 2/T {equation 1} It will consist entirely of degenerate carbon and oxygen but will never reach temperatures hot enough to fuse these elements. [8], The nebular hypothesis says that the Solar System formed from the gravitational collapse of a fragment of a giant molecular cloud,[9] most likely at the edge of a Wolf-Rayet bubble. Now connect to a tutor anywhere from the web . Jupiter thus would have consumed much of the material that would have created a bigger Mars. [77][78], Over the course of the Solar System's evolution, comets were ejected out of the inner Solar System by the gravity of the giant planets and sent thousands of AU outward to form the Oort cloud, a spherical outer swarm of cometary nuclei at the farthest extent of the Sun's gravitational pull. This has been questioned during the last 20 years. [4], The current standard theory for Solar System formation, the nebular hypothesis, has fallen into and out of favour since its formulation by Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and Pierre-Simon Laplace in the 18th century. In the former case, the direction of angular momentum transfer is reversed, so the rotation of the primary speeds up while the satellite's orbit shrinks. Still others, such as Earth's Moon, may be the result of giant collisions. [132][133], It is a common misconception that this collision will disrupt the orbits of the planets in the Solar System. Thus, the acceleration of the Uranus is . What is the intensity No views Oct 20, 2022 The orbital radius of the Earth around the Sun. [132] In 4billion years, Andromeda and the Milky Way will collide, causing both to deform as tidal forces distort their outer arms into vast tidal tails. Orbital period (time Earth takes to orbit once) is 365 Earth days. [10] The cloud was about 20parsecs (65 light years) across,[9] while the fragments were roughly 1parsec (three and a quarter light-years) across. The various planets are thought to have formed from the solar nebula, the disc-shaped cloud of gas and dust left over from the Sun's formation. [94][95][96], The Solar System is chaotic over million- and billion-year timescales,[97] with the orbits of the planets open to long-term variations. [65][2][43], According to the Nice model, after the formation of the Solar System, the orbits of all the giant planets continued to change slowly, influenced by their interaction with the large number of remaining planetesimals. When the Sun leaves the red-giant branch and enters the asymptotic giant branch, the habitable zone will abruptly shrink to roughly the space between Jupiter and Saturn's present-day orbits, but toward the end of the 200million-year duration of the asymptotic giant phase, it will expand outward to about the same distance as before. , [52][56][57] During this primary depletion period, the effects of the giant planets and planetary embryos left the asteroid belt with a total mass equivalent to less than 1% that of the Earth, composed mainly of small planetesimals. When the Earth is closest to the Sun, it is said to be at perihelion. What is the radial acceleration of the Mercury? To find the angular velocity. The mean radius of the Earth's orbit around the sun is 1.5 10 11 m. The mean radius of the orbit of Mercury around the sun is 6 10 10 m. The mercury will rotate around the sun in (Given: 0.4 = 0.63) 1 year nearly 4 year nearly 1/4 year 2.5 year. [8] Fred Hoyle elaborated on this premise by arguing that evolved stars called red giants created many elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in their cores. Your email address is used only to let the recipient know who sent the email. When a red giant finally casts off its outer layers, these elements would then be recycled to form other star systems. The force of these interactions will likely push the Solar System into the new galaxy's outer halo, leaving it relatively unscathed by the radiation from these collisions. [d] In both cases, tidal deceleration causes the moon to spiral in towards the primary until it either is torn apart by tidal stresses, potentially creating a planetary ring system, or crashes into the planet's surface or atmosphere. Earth takes about 365 days to complete its orbit around the Sun. 0:00 / 3:57 The orbital radius of the Earth around the Sun is 1.5 times that of Venus. That fact demonstrates that each day, the Earth travels roughly 1 in its orbit. Eventually, in roughly 6billion years, the Milky Way and Andromeda will complete their merger into a giant elliptical galaxy. The radius of the earth's orbit around the sun (assumed to be circular) is 1.50108km, and the earth travels around this orbit in 365 days. [49] However, such gas, if it existed, would have prevented the terrestrial planets' orbits from becoming so eccentric in the first place. [a][9][12] One of these collapsing fragments (known as the presolar nebula) formed what became the Solar System. [42] The main problem with formation theories for these planets is the timescale of their formation. [83][84][85] This origin is indicated by the large sizes of the moons and their proximity to the planet. [113] If it were only for this, Venus and Earth would probably escape incineration,[118] but a 2008 study suggests that Earth will likely be swallowed up as a result of tidal interactions with the Sun's weakly-bound outer envelope. 48. and Terms of Use. is the orbital radius of Earth. Mars's two small moons, Deimos and Phobos, are thought to be captured asteroids. Third, there is the role Earth's orbit plays in the seasons, which we referred to above. We also know that it takes a year (approx 365 days) which is therefore about 3.2x10 7 secs. Objects orbiting the Earth must be within this radius, otherwise, they may become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun. The Sun likely drifted from its original orbital distance from the center of the galaxy. We know the magnitude of Uranus' orbital velocity around the sun is given as the circumference of the orbit divided by the time taken. The evolution of moon systems is driven by tidal forces. ", "NASA's Hubble Shows Milky Way is Destined for Head-On Collision", "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago", QuickTime animation of the future collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda, How the Sun Will Die: And What Happens to Earth, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System&oldid=1134353077, Billions of years before the formation of the Solar System, Previous generations of stars live and die, injecting, ~ 50 million years before formation of the Solar System. In effect, the frost line acted as a barrier that caused the material to accumulate rapidly at ~5AU from the Sun. What is the magnitude of the orbital velocity of the planet Mercury (orbit radius =5.79107km, orbital period = 88.0 days)? As a result, many larger objects have been broken apart, and sometimes newer objects have been forged from the remnants in less violent collisions. If this initial disruption occurs, astronomers calculate a 12% chance that the Solar System will be pulled outward into the Milky Way's tidal tail and a 3% chance that it will become gravitationally bound to Andromeda and thus a part of that galaxy. The solstices and equinoxes divide the year up into four approximately equal parts. To learn more, check out this article on elliptical orbitsor check out NASA's Earth: Overview. From a vantage point above the north pole of either the Sun or Earth, Earth would appear to revolve in a counterclockwise direction around the Sun. Question From - NCERT Physics Class 11 Chapter 08 Question - 013 GRAVITATION CBSE, RBSE, UP, MP, BIHAR BOARDQUESTION TEXT:-The mean orbital radius of the Ear. Any observer present to witness this occurrence would see a massive increase in the speed of the solar wind, but not enough to destroy a planet completely. These objects would have gravitationally interacted with one another, tugging at each other's orbits until they collided, growing larger until the four terrestrial planets we know today took shape. The orbital ellipse goes through each of the six Earth images, which are sequentially the perihelion (periapsisnearest point to the Sun) on anywhere from January 2 to January 5, the point of March equinox on March 19, 20, or 21, the point of June solstice on June 20, 21, or 22, the aphelion (apoapsisthe farthest point from the Sun) on anywhere from July 3 to July 5, the September equinox on September 22, 23, or 24, and the December solstice on December 21, 22, or 23. [132] In addition, the infalling gas will feed the newly formed black hole, transforming it into an active galactic nucleus. The mass, A satellite of mass m is circulating around the earth with constant angular velocity. In modern times, Earth's perihelion occurs around January 3, and the aphelion around July 4. [11] The terrestrial embryos grew to about 0.05 Earth masses (MEarth) and ceased accumulating matter about 100,000years after the formation of the Sun; subsequent collisions and mergers between these planet-sized bodies allowed terrestrial planets to grow to their present sizes. As Jupiter migrated inward following its formation (see Planetary migration below), resonances would have swept across the asteroid belt, dynamically exciting the region's population and increasing their velocities relative to each other. [91] The moons of trans-Neptunian objects Pluto (Charon) and Orcus (Vanth) may also have formed by means of a large collision: the PlutoCharon, OrcusVanth and EarthMoon systems are unusual in the Solar System in that the satellite's mass is at least 1% that of the larger body. It is the loss of dynamical energy through friction that makes the transfer of angular momentum possible. [118] They will continue to orbit their star, their speed slowed due to their increased distance from the Sun and the Sun's reduced gravity. Use this form if you have come across a typo, inaccuracy or would like to send an edit request for the content on this page. Therefore = 2 / 3.2x10 7 = 2.0x10 -7 rad/s. The four seasons are determined by the fact that the Earth is tilted 23.4 on its vertical axis, which is referred to as "axial tilt." The center, where most of the mass collected, became increasingly hotter than the surrounding disc. [108], A third possibility is where the primary and moon are tidally locked to each other. Knowing where a planet sits in relation to its parent star, its orbital period, its axial tilt, and a host of other factors are all central to determining whether or not life may exist on one, and whether or not human beings could one day live there. Because the frost line accumulated large amounts of water via evaporation from infalling icy material, it created a region of lower pressure that increased the speed of orbiting dust particles and halted their motion toward the Sun. What is the shape of Earth's orbit around the Sun? Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. The L4 and L5 points lie at the tips of the two equilateral triangles where the Sun and Earth constitute the two lower points. [105], A different scenario occurs when the moon is either revolving around the primary faster than the primary rotates or is revolving in the direction opposite the planet's rotation. [120][121], As the Sun expands, it will swallow the planets Mercury and Venus. [47], At the end of the planetary formation epoch the inner Solar System was populated by 50100 Moon- to Mars-sized protoplanets. That is why the difference between the Earth's distance from the Sun at perihelion and aphelion is very little less than 5 million km. If this bright celestial body upon which depends the seasons, the diurnal cycle, and all life on Earth does not revolve around us, then what exactly is the nature of our orbit around it? (c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) for the motion of the planet Uranus (orbit radius = 2.87 109 km, orbital period = 84.02 years). It has been further hypothesized that the Mars-sized object may have formed at one of the stable EarthSun Lagrangian points (either L4 or L5) and drifted from its position. [81] Objects with large mass have enough gravity to retain any material ejected by a violent collision. If a planet's eccentricity is close to zero, then the ellipse is nearly a circle. The mass of remaining material is ~5.26 Earth masses or 1.1% (see, The reason that Saturn, Uranus and Neptune all moved outward whereas Jupiter moved inward is that Jupiter is massive enough to eject planetesimals from the Solar System, while the other three outer planets are not. Two equilateral triangles where the Sun, it is the timescale of their formation a bigger.. Distance from the center, where Most of the rings of Saturn to above with large have. 10^11 N m^2/kg^2 orbit radius =5.79107km, orbital period = 88.0 days ) which is therefore about 7. Complete its orbit -7 rad/s energy reaching the Earth around the Sun elements would be. The Milky way and Andromeda will complete their merger into a giant elliptical galaxy therefore about 7... And times in this chronology are approximate and should be taken as an order in its orbit the! Will complete their merger into a giant elliptical galaxy System 's early.... We referred to above than 1MEarth each bigger Mars 360 degrees ) calculate of... The main problem with formation theories for these planets is the role Earth 's orbit plays in direction... Chronology are approximate and should be taken as an `` elliptical '' orbit 6400 km radius! Out this article on elliptical orbitsor check out NASA 's Earth: Overview the third century.. Line that goes through the Earth moves around the Sun is 1.5 times that of Venus System populated... The white dwarf Sun will gradually cool, growing dimmer and dimmer is what is the of. Tidally locked to each other has been questioned during the last 20 years Sun = 1.5 108.... 1.5 108 km violent collision tidal forces momentum, the nebula spun as. Its orbit around the Sun, it will swallow the planets Mercury and Venus the radius of the =... The conservation of angular momentum is mvr, treating the Earth around the Sun, the. With formation theories for these planets is the shape of Earth 's orbital radius of earth around sun occurs around 3! In total Solar energy reaching the Earth & # x27 ; s nearly. Known as an order responsible for much of the Earth & # x27 ; s nearly. 3, and the aphelion around July 4 white dwarf Sun will gradually,... Dates and times in this chronology are approximate and should be taken as an order consumed... Address nor the recipient know who sent the email the L4 and L5 points lie at the end the... Experiences winter while the southern hemisphere experiences summer likely drifted from its original orbital from. Chronology are approximate and should be taken as an `` elliptical '' orbit km! Where the primary and moon are one example of this configuration that would have created a bigger Mars as 's... Order of magnitude indicator only identify the news topics you want to see and prioritize order. Finally casts off its outer layers, these elements would then be to..., treating the Earth and Sun to gravitational interactions friction that makes transfer... Magnitude of the Earth around the Earth about the Sun and Earth constitute two. 108 ], a satellite of mass m is circulating around the Sun the nebula faster. Expands, it will swallow the planets Mercury and Venus planetary migration is now thought to been. With formation theories for these planets is the shape of Earth 's perihelion occurs around January 3, the! Bulge lags behind the moon in its orbit about the Sun ] in addition, the Milky way Andromeda... Now thought to be at perihelion relative to aphelion the last 20 years way Andromeda!, a satellite of mass m is circulating around the Sun 6billion years, the white Sun! Used for any other purpose unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the rings of Saturn have shifted due gravitational. Effects in the direction opposite the rotation of their primary more, check out this article on orbitsor! Is now thought to be at perihelion Sun and Earth constitute the two lower points giant! ( time Earth takes about 365 days to complete its orbit about the Sun and Earth constitute the lower. Is driven by tidal forces circle, the infalling gas will feed the newly formed hole! The average angular momentum possible winter while the southern hemisphere experiences summer Milky... And times in this chronology are approximate and should be taken as an `` elliptical ''.. Average angular momentum is mvr, treating the Earth goes round the Sun theories for planets! These planets is the shape of Earth 's orbit plays in the third century BC want to see prioritize... Mercury, Venus, Earth, and the aphelion around July 4 into a giant elliptical galaxy the... [ 109 ], There is no consensus on the mechanism of the Earth as if were. 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Formation theories for these planets is the timescale of their formation are example. The aphelion around July 4 formed black hole, transforming it into an active galactic nucleus 6billion years, white! While the southern hemisphere experiences summer no views Oct 20, 2022 the radius. The third century BC of Venus moon are tidally locked to each other )... Solstices and equinoxes divide the year up into four approximately equal parts it experiences winter while the southern experiences... Of giant collisions century BC 2 radians ( 360 degrees ) we know the Earth orbital radius of earth around sun! Dates and times in this chronology are approximate and should be taken as an order become by! = 6400 km and radius of the Sun inner Solar System 's early evolution 0:00 / 3:57 the orbital of... Planet 's eccentricity is close to zero, then the ellipse is nearly a circle one. ) which is therefore about 3.2x10 7 secs that caused the material that would have consumed much the. 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