[16], The Cultural Revolution united the theological schools in Qom with state universities and brought secular teachers to Qom for a time. What the Shah did not expect, however, was that the White Revolution led to new social tensions that helped create many of the problems the Shah had been trying to avoid. [116][134] Khomeini announced that there would be no reconciliation with the Shah and called on all Iranians to overthrow him. A decade of extraordinary economic growth, heavy government spending, and a boom in oil prices led to high rates of inflation and the stagnation of Iranians buying power and standard of living. [82], Khomeini worked to unite this opposition behind him (except for the unwanted 'atheistic Marxists'),[8][83] focusing on the socio-economic problems of the Shah's government (corruption and unequal income and development),[8][84] while avoiding specifics among the public that might divide the factions[85]particularly his plan for clerical rule, which he believed most Iranians had become prejudiced against as a result of propaganda campaign by Western imperialists. 2013. But most of this increase can be attributed to the rise in oil prices in the 2000s. [142][145], Bakhtiar invited Khomeini back to Iran, with the intention of creating a Vatican-like state in the holy city of Qom, declaring that "We will soon have the honor of welcoming home the Ayatollah Khomeini". [181] Despite this mobilization and high participation rate of women, they were still kept out of leadership positions which were exclusive to men; women are thought to be part of the rank and file rather than the elite strata of the revolution. Black Tents of Baluchistan , 2000 . [61][62] Thus, the White Revolution in Iran was an attempt to introduce reform from above and preserve traditional power patterns. [50], The Tobacco Protest was the first significant Iranian resistance against the Shah and foreign interests, revealing the power of the people and the ulama influence among them.[47]. Leftist and Islamist groups attacked his government (often from outside Iran as they were suppressed within) for violating the Iranian constitution, political corruption, and the political oppression, torture, and killings, by the SAVAK secret police. For Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, see, Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "State-University Power Struggle at Times of Revolution and War in Iran", " | ", "Philosophy in Tehran | Dissent Magazine", Foundation anniversary of the Islamic Propagation Organization (I.O.P) by Khomeini's order, "Students Brace for Second 'Cultural Revolution', "Supreme Cultural Revolution Council (SCRC)", "Objectives of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution", The Culture of revolution: Revolutionary transformation in Iran, Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution, in a Lecture in Demark: Christian Morality Dissolved in the Acid of Capitalism and Secularism, Supreme Council for Cultural Revolution: We Are Stronger Than America and the West. [208] In succession the National Democratic Front was banned in August 1979, the provisional government was disempowered in November, the Muslim People's Republican Party was banned in January 1980, the People's Mujahedin of Iran guerrillas came under attack in February 1980, a purge of universities started in March 1980, and the liberal Islamist President Abolhassan Banisadr was impeached in June 1981. Pardis MAHDAVI - Iran's Youth Movement in Context (Annabelle is going to contact her to see if we can negotiate a revision as she is refusing at the moment) 3. The military was crumbling, with its leadership completely paralyzed, unsure of whether to support Bakhtiar or act on their own, and rank-and-file soldiers either demoralized or deserting. [105] On 9 January 1978, seminary students and other people demonstrated in the city, which was cracked down on by the Shah's security forces shooting live ammunition to disperse the crowd when the peaceful demonstration turned violent. [9][101][132] Street marches declined and oil production began increasing once again, nearly reaching pre-revolutionary levels. This gave women the right to divorce on the same grounds as men, and both had to go in court for divorce. Rulers often dislike the US and their policies, it was cool to see how Pahlavi tried to change things for women, making them almost equal to men, they could divorce as well as had access to birth control. There was even gender segregation on public transportation on which there were fewer seats even available for women. Bah holy places have been confiscated, vandalized, or destroyed. In schools, these songs were sung by students as part of the celebrations of Fajr Decades. Iran, also known as Persia, is widely considered to be one of the cradles of civilization. The Iranian Revolution led to the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, the latest ruler in the Persian monarchy that had been ruling for 2,500 years. By mid-December, 1978, hundreds of thousands of people, led by religious leaders, came out in anti-government demonstrations. [162] According to the historian Ervand Abrahamian, the number executed by revolutionary courts as the revolution was consolidated (8,000 opponents between June 1981 and June 1985)[163] exceeded those killed by the royalist government trying to stop the revolution. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Under the Shah's rule, Iran's economy and educational opportunities expanded. [316][317][318] Amnesty International reports that approximately 5,000 gays have been executed in Iran since the revolution, including two gay men executed in 2014, both hanged for engaging in consensual homosexual relations. Consequently, to the Iranian public, Bakhtiar was seen as the Shah's last prime minister, undermining his support. Prelude to revolution Reza Shah Pahlavi In an interview the crown prince had accused the Iranian government of being resistant to change, he stated, Iran needs an overall change. [111][134] He apologized for mistakes that were committed during his reign, and promised to ensure that corruption would no longer exist. There the two signed an agreement for a draft constitution that would be "Islamic and democratic". [241], In January 1980, Abolhassan Banisadr was elected president of Iran. [6], Street demonstrations continued at full force with little response from the military; by late October, government officials effectively even ceded the University of Tehran to student protesters. [231][229][233], In mid-August 1979, shortly after the election of the constitution-writing assembly, several dozen newspapers and magazines opposing Khomeini's idea of theocratic rule by jurists were shut down. Originally, film was reserved as a form of entertainment for the Shah's family and aristocratic nobles alone. On 28 December, he secured an agreement with another major National Front figure, Shahpour Bakhtiar. Iran Culture Pre-Revolution Movies in Iran At every movie theater there was a dress code the women were not allowed to wear chadors guys had to dress more western Iran forbade passion plays the movies directors made movies of the Persian literature and ancient Persian mythology Music Some popular movies in Iran The pro-Western Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was determined to drag the country into the 20th-century, and photographs of 1970s Tehran give the outward appearance that it was little different from Washington or New York. [176] Yet, there was some tension later between feminists' dress and the revolution's stance on women's clothing and they began to feel uncomfortable at opposition events. [42] Other factors include the underestimation of Khomeini's Islamist movement by both the Shah's reignwho considered them a minor threat compared to the Marxists and Islamic socialists[43][44][45]and by the secularist opponents of the governmentwho thought the Khomeinists could be sidelined. [48] The boycotts and protests against it were widespread and extensive as result of Mirza Hasan Shirazi's fatwa (judicial decree). "[15], Outside of the universities, the Cultural Revolution affected some non-academic cultural and scientific figures who it publicly denounced, and the broadcasts of Iranian radio and television, which were now limited to religious and official programs. [234][235][236] When protests were organized by the National Democratic Front (NDF), Khomeini angrily denounced them saying, "we thought we were dealing with human beings. The Iranian Islamic Revolution wiped out those gains. For marriage, the minimum age for women was raised from 15 to 18. In addition to this the shah also legalized abortion and created family planning and day care centers for women who wanted to work.3This act specifically was what angered religious citizens because it went against what they believed in. He settled in a holy city in Iraq where he continued to speak out against the shah and call for his overthrow and the establishment of an Islamic republic. Grumbling once done about the tyranny and corruption of the Shah and his court is now directed against "the Mullahs. In September 1980, Iraq took advantage of the febrile situation and invaded Iran. Over two million protesters[136] (many of whom were teenagers proselytized by the mullahs from the mosques of southern Tehran) took to the streets, crowding Shahyad Square. They were followed by thousands more Iranian youthmostly unemployed recent immigrants from the countrysidewho began protesting the regimes excesses. Will women finally be liberated again? [263] Relations with the USSR became strained as well after the Soviet government condemned Khomeini's repression of certain minorities after the Revolution. Opposition to the shahs policies was accentuated in the 1970s, when world monetary instability and fluctuations in Western oil consumption seriously threatened the countrys economy, still directed in large part toward high-cost projects and programs. "[9][100][101][115], Forty days later, on 29 March, demonstrations were organized in at least 55 cities, including Tehran. Since the revolution, university enrollment and the number of women in the civil service and higher education has risen. [219] Among the casualties of the hostage crisis was Prime Minister Bazargan and his government, who resigned in November unable to enforce the government's order to release the hostages. Politically, he installed a succession of loyalist prime ministers. [116] Nevertheless, the government reported at least 12 opposition deaths. If you want to use our website, please turn off AdBlock. [34][36] It also suffered from some basic functional failures that brought economic bottlenecks, shortages, and inflation. '[149] Crowds were now known to chant "Islam, Islam, Khomeini, We Will Follow You," and even "Khomeini for King. In his original letter, Khomeini wrote: Set yourselves free from any " ism" and " ist" belonging to the East and the West. It is sickening to see and it wouldve been really exciting to see another Middle Eastern nation prevail and develop into a functional state. In addition to mounting economic difficulties, sociopolitical repression by the shahs regime increased in the 1970s. In their eyes, any country not decisively allied with the United States was a potential enemy. [17] While the revolution achieved its goal of ridding the universities of Western influence, it also greatly weakened Iran in the fields of science and technology needed for development. With how things are in the country right now, there may be another revolution arising. the grand ayatollah ruhollah khomeini led this revolution, and he eventually ran the islamic republic that replaced the monarchy after overthrowing the shah. Several thousand young Bahs between the ages of 17 and 24 have been expelled from universities. 21, 2010 . Secondary schools were free for all and financial support was extended to university students. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi also traveled to several different countries before finally receiving asylum in Cairo, Egypt where he passed away in 1980 due to cancer.8. Fatalities were followed by demonstrations to commemorate the customary 40-day milestone of mourning in Shii tradition, and further casualties occurred at those protests, mortality and protest propelling one another forward. In light of his continued vocal opposition to the modernization campaign after being arrested twice, Khomeini was exiled from Iran in 1964. "[63] The White Revolution's economic "trickle-down" strategy also did not work as intended. Pre-Revolution Iranian Cinema . "Iran jumped overnight from the Muslim year 1355 to the royalist year 2535. [6][14][116], Khomeini condemned the military government and called for continued protests. Khomeini immediately declared that "4,000 innocent protesters were massacred by Zionists," which gave him a pretext to reject any further compromise with the government. [8][9][10] In August 1978, the deaths of between 377 and 470 people in the Cinema Rex fire claimed by the opposition as having been orchestrated by Pahlavi's SAVAK came to serve as a catalyst for a popular revolutionary movement across all of Iran,[11][12] and large-scale strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the entire country for the remainder of that year. Other shortcomings of the previous regime. [6] Bakhtiar became increasingly isolated, with members of the government (including the entire Regency Council) defecting to Khomeini. "[9], The main theme of the movement was to purify the universities and education system of foreign influences. While the crisis was quickly defused by the Pakistan military, the next day, before some 120 Pakistani army officers stationed in Iran on the road to hajj, Khomeini said "it is a cause of joy that all Pakistan has risen against the United States" and the struggle is not that of the US and Iran but "the entire world of disbelief and the world of Islam". [303] While persecution occurred before the Revolution since then more than 200 Bahs have been executed or presumed killed, and many more have been imprisoned, deprived of jobs, pensions, businesses, and educational opportunities. [248] Leaders of the Freedom Movement of Iran were compelled to make and publicly broadcast apologies for supporting the Front's appeal. There were widespread social, economic, and political reforms introduced during his reign, a number of which led to public discontent that would provide the circumstances for the Iranian Revolution. The shutdown of the universities was preceded by attacks on foreign forces on university campuses. Operation Ajax was born, in which the only democratic government Iran ever had was deposed. [6] While the option of a pro-Shah military coup still was a possibility, Huyser met with military leaders (but not the Shah) and established meetings between them and Khomeini allies for the purpose of agreeing on Bakhtiar's transitional government. In a desperate move, he once had his soldiers lock a movie theater full of people in, set the theater on fire, and then tried to blame it on religious fanatics, hoping to scare his people into keeping him in power. See disclaimer. Iranian music Persian symphonic music- famous composers: Gholam-Hossein Minbashian, Amihollah hossein Folk music Continuation of this disaster which is, unfortunately, the objective of some the foreign oriented groups would deal a heavy blow to Islamic Revolution and Islamic Republic and any indifference towards this vital issue would be great treason against Islam and the Islamic country. [109] Instead, the clergy directed the crowd on a large march through the center of Tehran, whilst the Shah reportedly watched the march from his helicopter, unnerved, and confused. Iranian Revolution, also called Islamic Revolution, Persian Enqelb-e Eslm, popular uprising in Iran in 1978-79 that resulted in the toppling of the monarchy on February 11, 1979, and led to the establishment of an Islamic republic. [111], On 10 and 11 December 1978, the days of Tasu'a and Ashura, between 6 and 9 million anti-Shah demonstrators marched throughout Iran. Higher education in Iran had many leftist forces who were opposed to Ayatollah Khomeini's Islamic state in Iran. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was the shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979. [109][144] Bakhtiar dissolved SAVAK and freed all remaining political prisoners. [116][133] He stated he would begin to work with the opposition to bring democracy, and would form a coalition government. The Majlis (Parliament) also began issuing resolutions against the government. The nation must obey him. After the Islamic revolution, Iranian artists who fled to the United States gradually formed exile communities. Brief trials lacking defense attorneys, juries, transparency or the opportunity for the accused to defend themselves[224] were held by revolutionary judges such as Sadegh Khalkhali, the Sharia judge. [242], At the same time, erstwhile revolutionary allies of Khomeini the Islamist modernist guerrilla group People's Mujahedin of Iran (or MEK) were being suppressed by Khomeini's forces. [6][7] Beginning in 1963, Pahlavi implemented a number of reforms aimed at modernizing Iranian society, in what is known as the White Revolution. [95], In 1977 the Shah responded to the "polite reminder" of the importance of political rights by the new American president, Jimmy Carter, by granting amnesty to some prisoners and allowing the Red Cross to visit prisons. The cultural revolution sometimes involved violence in taking over the university campuses, as higher education in Iran had many secularist and leftist forces who were opposed to Ayatollah Khomeini's Islamic state in Iran. Thus, the reforms often failed to improve life for those they intended to help. Their resentment towards the Shah also grew as they were now stripped of organizations that had represented them in the past, such as political parties, professional associations, trade unions, and independent newspapers. Indian American CEOs exemplify countries shared ambitions. Hussein believed that victory would therefore come swiftly. [111], The speech backfired when the revolutionaries sensed weakness from the Shah and "smelled blood". Several events in the 1970s set the stage for the 1979 revolution. Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Revolution_in_Iran&oldid=1134266979, Articles with dead external links from May 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2011, Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from July 2011, Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from July 2011, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles containing Persian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 20:43. "[237], After each revolution several thousand of these corrupt elements are executed in public and burnt and the story is over. 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